|
|
Halothane |
Isoflurane |
Enflurane |
Methoxyflurane |
Desflurane |
Sevoflurane |
Nitrous oxide |
Xenon |
|
Molecular weight |
198 |
185 |
185 |
165 |
168 |
200 |
44 |
131 |
|
Boiling point (°C) |
50 |
49 |
57 |
105 |
24 |
59 |
-88 |
-108 |
|
Saturated vapour pressure |
243 |
238 |
172 |
22.5 |
669 |
157 |
|
|
|
MAC |
0.75% |
1.2% |
1.7% |
0.16% |
6.6% |
1.8-2.3% |
105% |
71% |
|
Blood-gas PC |
2.4 |
1.4 |
1.8 |
12 |
0.42 |
0.69 |
0.47 |
0.14 |
|
Muscle-blood PC |
|
2.9 |
|
|
2.0 |
3.1 |
1.2 |
|
|
Brain-blood PC |
|
1.6 |
|
|
1.3 |
1.7 |
|
|
|
Fat-blood PC |
60 |
45 |
|
400 |
27 |
48 |
2.3 |
|
|
Oil-gas PC |
224 |
98 |
98 |
950 |
29 |
80 |
1.4 |
1.9 |
|
% Metabolised |
20 |
0.2 |
2 |
70 |
0.02 |
2-5 |
0.004 |
0 |
|
Smell |
Sweet |
Irritant |
Sweet |
Sweet |
Irritant |
Sweet |
Sweet |
Nil |
|
Analgesic |
|
|
|
Yes |
|
|
Yes |
Yes |
|
|
Thiopentone |
Methohexital |
Propofol |
Ketamine |
Etomidate |
Midazolam |
|
Induction dose (mg/kg) |
3.5-7 |
1-1.5 |
1-2 |
1-2 |
0.3 |
0.25 |
|
VDSS (L/kg) |
2.5 |
2 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
1.5 |
|
Cl (mL/kg/min) |
3.5 |
11 |
30-60 |
17 |
10-20 |
10 |
|
t1/2α (mins) |
8 (t1/2α fast) 60 (t1/2α slow) |
|
2 (t1/2α fast) ?20 ?50 (t1/2α slow) |
11 |
|
|
|
t1/2β (hours) |
6-15 |
3-5 |
5-12 |
2 |
1-4 |
1-4 |
|
t1/2ke0 (mins) |
1.2 |
? |
2.6 |
? 0.5 ?3.5 |
1.5 |
4 |
|
Plasma protein binding (%) |
80 |
60 |
98 |
25 |
75 |
97 |
|
Active metabolites |
Pentobarbital Others |
Minimal |
No |
Norketamine (30% as active) |
No |
Oxazepam α-OH-midazolam |
|
pKa |
7.6 (acid) |
8.7 (acid) |
11 (acid) |
7.5 (base) 18.8 (acid) |
4.5 (base) |
6.5 (base) |
|
pH at presentation |
10.5 |
7.2 |
7.5 |
4.5 |
6 |
3.5 |
|
% unionized at pH 7.4 |
12% free ionized 8% free unionized |
76% |
>99% |
? |
>99% |
90% |
|
|
% Plasma protein bound |
t1/2β (mins) |
VDss (L/kg) |
Cl (mL/kg/min) |
pKa |
% unionized at pH 7.4 |
Lipid solubility (octanol:water) |
|
Morphine |
35 |
170 |
3.5 |
16 |
8 |
23 |
1 |
|
Pethidine |
60 |
210 |
4 |
12 |
8.5 |
5 |
30 |
|
Fentanyl |
83 |
190 |
4 |
13 |
8.4 |
9 |
600 |
|
Alfentanil |
90 |
100 |
0.6 |
6 |
6.5 |
89 |
90 |
|
Sufentanil |
90 |
160 |
1.7 |
13 |
8 |
23 |
1700 |
|
Remifentanil |
70 |
10 |
0.3 |
40 |
7.1 |
68 |
20 |
|
Methadone |
90 |
15-60 hours |
6 |
6 |
8.6 |
? |
115 |
|
Oxycodone |
45 |
200 |
2.5 |
13 |
8.5 |
5 |
1 |
|
|
Lipid solubility |
Toxic conc (mcg/mL) |
Onset |
Duration |
% plasma protein bound |
pKa |
% unionised @ pH 7.4 |
Potency |
t1/2β |
|
Amethocaine |
200 |
? |
Slow |
Long |
75 |
8.5 |
7 |
8 |
80 |
|
Cocaine |
? |
0.5 |
Medium |
Short |
95 |
8.6 |
5 |
1 |
100 |
|
Lignocaine |
150 |
5 |
Fast |
Medium |
70 |
7.9 |
25 |
2 |
100 |
|
Prilocaine |
50 |
5 |
Fast |
Medium |
55 |
7.7 |
33 |
2 |
100 |
|
Bupivacaine |
1000 |
1.5 |
Medium |
Long |
95 |
8.1 |
15 |
8 |
160 |
|
Ropivacaine |
300 |
4 |
Medium |
Long |
94 |
8.1 |
15 |
8 |
120 |
|
Mepivacaine |
150 |
5 |
Short |
Medium |
77 |
7.6 |
40 |
2 |
115 |
|
|
Rocuronium |
Vecuronium |
Pancuronium |
Atracurium |
Cisatracurium |
Mivacurium |
Tubocurarine |
|
ED95 |
0.31 |
0.04 |
0.07 |
0.25 |
0.04 |
0.08 |
0.5 |
|
2 x ED95 |
0.6 |
0.1 |
0.15 |
0.5 |
0.1 |
0.15 |
1 |
|
Onset |
Fast |
Medium |
Medium |
Medium |
Medium |
Medium |
Slow |
|
Duration |
Medium |
Medium |
Long |
Medium |
Medium |
Short |
Long |
|
Side effects |
|
Bradycardia (vagotonic) |
Tachycardia |
Histamine |
(Histamine) |
Histamine ‘Sux apnoea’ |
Histamine Autonomic ganglion blockade |
|
Plasma protein binding |
10% |
10% |
20-60% |
15% |
15% |
10% |
30-50% |
|
VDss (L/kg) |
0.2 |
0.23 |
0.27 |
0.15 |
0.15 |
0.21-0.32 |
0.3 |
|
Metabolism |
<5%
|
20%
|
30%
|
90%
|
95%
|
90% (BChE) |
0% |
|
Metabolites |
17-deacetyl-Roc |
3-OH-Vec (active, short t1/2) 17-OH-Vec 3,17-OH-Vec |
3-OH-Panc (active, long t1/2) 17-OH-Panc 3,17-OH-Panc |
Esterase 60% Hoffman 30% (Laudanosine)
|
Esterase 15% Hoffman 80% (Laudanosine)
|
|
|
|
Excretion |
60% bile 40% urine |
70% bile 30% urine |
20% bile 80% urine |
0% bile 10% urine |
0% bile 5% urine |
0% bile 5% urine |
30% bile 70% urine |
|
|
Oxygen |
Nitrogen |
Nitrous oxide |
Entonox |
(Water) |
|
Boiling point |
-180°C |
-196°C |
-88°C |
|
100°C |
|
Critical temperature |
-118°C |
|
36.5°C |
-5.5°C pseudo-CT (separates) |
374°C |
|
Critical pressure |
50atm |
|
71atm |
|
218atm |
|
Triple point temperature |
|
|
-91°C |
|
0.01°C |
|
Triple point pressure |
|
|
|
|
0.006atm |
|
Cylinder pressure |
137 atm |
|
44atm |
|
|
|
E cylinder volume |
680L |
|
1800L (400L when gas only) |
|
|
|
J cylinder volume |
6800L |
|
|
|
|