|
Liver |
1400 |
|
Skeletal muscle |
1200 |
|
Kidneys |
1100 |
|
Brain |
750 |
|
Other |
600 |
|
Skin |
500 |
|
Heart |
250 |
|
Kidney -Cortex -Medulla |
420 450 20 |
|
Liver |
100 |
|
Heart |
83 |
|
Brain |
58 |
|
Skin |
12.5 |
|
Skeletal muscle |
4 |
|
Liver |
51 |
|
Skeletal muscle |
50 |
|
Brain |
46 |
|
Heart |
29 |
|
Kidney |
18 |
|
Skin |
12 |
|
Heart |
9.7 |
|
Kidney |
6 |
|
Brain |
3.3 |
|
Liver |
2 |
|
Skin |
0.3 |
|
Skeletal muscle |
0.2 |
|
|
Flow rate |
Cross-sectional area |
Pressure wave velocity |
|
Aorta |
20cm/s |
4cm2 |
4cm/s |
|
Capillaries |
0.5mm/s |
2800cm2 |
8cm/ |
|
Venae cavae |
12cm/2 |
7cm2 |
16cm/s |
|
|
Arterial end (mmHg) |
Venous end (mmHg) |
|
Pc |
35 |
15 |
|
Pi |
0 |
0 |
|
πc |
28 |
28 |
|
πi |
3 |
3 |
|
Net |
+10mmHg (net filtration) |
-10mmHg (net reabsorption) |
|
|
Afferent arteriolar end (mmHg) |
Efferent arteriolar end (mmHg) |
|
PGC |
60 |
58 |
|
PBC |
15 |
15 |
|
πGC |
21 |
33 |
|
πBC |
0 |
0 |
|
Net |
+24mmHg |
+10mmHg |
|
|
Neonate |
Adult |
|
O2 consumption |
7-8mL/kg/min |
3-4mL/kg/min |
|
Cardiac output |
280mL/kg/min |
70mL/kg/min |
|
Myocardial fibre tension |
Resting higher Developed lower |
Resting lower Developed higher |
|
SBP |
70-90 |
120 |
|
Physiological R->L shunt |
20% |
7% |
|
Blood volume |
80mL/kg |
70mL/kg |
|
|
|
|
|
Level of larynx |
C3-4 |
C6 |
|
Diaphragmatic type 1 fibres |
10% |
55% |
|
Intercostal type 1 fibres |
20% |
65% |
|
Narrowest point |
Cricoid ring |
Glottis |
|
Respiratory rate |
30-40 |
12-16 |
|
TV |
5-8mL/kg |
5-8mL/kg |
|
MV |
220mL/kg/min |
110mL/kg/min |
|
VA |
140mL/kg/min |
70mL/kg/min |
|
V/Q |
0.4 |
0.8 |
|
pH |
7.34-7.36 |
7.4 |
|
PaO2 |
50-70mmHg |
100mmHg |
|
PaCO2 |
32-26mmHg |
40mmHg |
|
VA:FRC ratio |
5:1 |
1.5:1 |
|
Specific compliance |
|
|
|
Airway resistance |
90->25cmH2O/L/s |
2cmH2O/L/s |
|
|
|
|
|
RBF |
5% CO |
25% CO |
|
Max urine osmolality |
600mOsm/L |
1400 |
|
Haemoglobin |
17-18 11-12 in child |
13-14 |
|
HbF |
90% in utero 75% at birth |
1-2% |
|
Vit K dependent clotting factors |
5-20% |
|
|
BSL |
2.7-3.3mmol/L (premmie 2.2) |
4-7mmol/L |
|
Glycogen store |
4g/kg (N.B. at 33/40: 9g only!) |
8g/kg |
|
SA:BW (relative |
2-2.5 |
1 |
|
TNZ |
32-34 (prem 35-36) |
18-22 clothed, 28-30 naked |
|
NMJ maturation: |
Complete at 2/12 |
|
|
Nephron maturation: |
Complete at 6/12 |
|
|
Liver maturation: |
Complete at 2y |
|
|
|
Uterine artery |
Uterine vein |
Umbilical artery |
Umbilical vein |
|
pO2 (mmHg) |
105 |
40 |
15 |
30 |
|
SO2 |
100% |
75% |
40% |
80% |
|
O2 content (mL/100mL) |
16 |
12 |
10 |
16 |
|
pCO2 (mmHg) |
32 |
40 |
48 |
43 |
|
CO2 content (mL/100mL) |
40 |
48 |
59 |
56 |
|
Type |
Function |
Size (μm) |
Conduction velocity (m/s) |
Myelination |
LA sensitivity |
|
Aα |
Motor Proprioception |
12-20 |
70-120 |
Heavy |
+ |
|
Aβ |
Light touch Vibration |
5-12 |
30-70 |
Heavy |
++ |
|
Aγ |
Tone Spindles |
3-6 |
15-30 |
Heavy |
+++ |
|
Aδ |
Sharp pain Cold temperature |
2-5 |
12-30 |
Heavy |
++++ |
|
B |
Pre-ganglionic: SNS and PSNS |
<3 |
3-15 |
Light |
++++++ |
|
C-polymodal |
Dull pain Warm temperature |
0.4-1.2 |
0.5-2.3 |
None |
+++++ |
|
C-SNS |
Post-ganglionic: SNS vasomotor |
0.3-1.3 |
0.7-2.3 |
None |
+++++ |
|
α1 |
Gq G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) ↑IP3/Ca2+, ↑DAG |
·
Vasoconstriction, venoconstriction · Inhibition of insulin release · Mydriasis |
|
α2 |
Gi GPCR ↓Adenylyl cyclase ↓cAMP |
Peripheral: · Vasoconstriction – post-synaptic) · ↓Noradrenaline release pre-synaptic · ↓Platelet aggregation (pretty sure) · ↓Salivation (and more sticky) · ↓Shivering Central: (especially locus coeruleus) · Analgesia: pre-synaptic inhibition · Premedication, anxiolysis, sedation, ↓MAC, ↓CMRO2 |
|
β1 |
Gs GPCR ↑Adenylyl cyclase ↑cAMP ↑Protein kinase A |
· ↑Inotropy, chronotropy, dromotropy, lusitropy · ↑Renin release from JG cell · ↑Glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle and liver · ↑Lipolysis in fat |
|
β2 |
Gs GPCR ↑cAMP ↓MLCK activity ↑MLCP activity |
· ↑Chronotropy, dromotropy > ↑inotropy, ↑lusitropy · Vasodilatation (especially in skeletal muscle) · Bronchodilatation · Myometrial relaxation · Na+K+ATPase stimulation, ↓ECF [K+] · ↑Glycogenolysis in liver and skeletal muscle, lactic acidosis · Tremor · ↓Mast cell histamine release |