ketamine-nightmares

Anaesthesia Primary Exam

Pharmacology SAQ

Analgesics

• 2000A15 Opioids - Respiratory Effects
• 2006A07 Naloxone
• 2007A03 Opioids - inter-individual variation
• 2007B03 Opioids - transition from IV to oral
• 2008B04 Ketamine - use in post-op analgesia
• 2009A05 Intrathecal opioids
• 2010B01 Morphine vs oxycodone
• 2011A06 Remifentanil
• 2013B12 Alfentanil vs fentanyl
• 2013C08 Opioid metabolism - morphine, pethidine and codeine
• 2014A10 Morphine vs tramadol
• 2014A11 Aspirin overdose vs paracetamol overdose
• 2015A11 Morphine PCA vs fentanyl PCA
• 2016B12 Opioids - mechanism of analgesia
• 2017B12 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• 2017B15 Tramadol
• 2018A05 Opioids - therapeutic and adverse effects
• 2019A14 Tramadol - metabolism and excretion
• 2019B14 Paracetamol - role and toxicity

Cardiovascular Drugs

• 1999B12 Sodium nitroprusside
• 2001A15 Esmolol vs propranolol
• 2002B08 Vasopressin
• 2004A06 Glyceryl trinitrate
• 2006B01 Treatment of hypotension due to subarachnoid block
• 2006B07 Treatment of ventricular fibrillation
• 2007A08 Treatment of chronic LV failure
• 2008A08 Treatment of myocardial ischaemia
• 2012B05 Drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system
• 2015A08 Treatment of intra-operative hypertension
• 2016A08 Treatment of hypertension in pregnancy
• 2016A09 Amiodarone
• 2017B07 Ephedrine vs noradrenaline
• 2018A08 Metoprolol
• 2018B10 Inotropes

Haemostasis drugs

• 2004A08 Unfractionated heparin - adverse effects
• 2008B07 Anti-platelets
• 2011B05 Protamine
• 2012B01 Warfarin
• 2014B08 Bridging from warfarin to low molecular weight heparins
• 2017A08 Unfractionated heparin vs low molecular weight heparins

Inhalational Anaesthetics

• 1999A14 Volatile anaesthetics - renal effects
• 2000A09 Volatile anaesthetics - cardiovascular effects
• 2001A12 Volatile anaesthetics - respiratory effects
• 2001B10 Nitrous oxide - adverse effects
• 2004A01 Isoflurane - CNS effects
• 2005B01 Isoflurane - metabolism
• 2009A01 Minimum alveolar concentration
• 2010A03 Desflurane - adverse effects
• 2011A07 Nitrous oxide - advantages and disadvantages
• 2012A02 Nitrous oxide - pharmacokinetics
• 2013C02 Xenon - advantages and disadvantages
• 2014B03 Malignant hyperthermia
• 2015A07 Sevoflurane - effects on muscle
• 2017B05 Inhalational anaesthetics - rate of onset
• 2018A06 Sevoflurane - rate of washout.htm
• 2019A09 Inhalational anaesthetics - wash-in curves
• 2019A10 Sevoflurane - effects on regional circulations
• 2019B04 Volatile anaesthetics - mechanism of hypnosis

Intravenous Anaesthetics

• 1999A16 Alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist
• 2002A11 Thiopentone and ketamine - non-CNS effects
• 2002A16 Flumazenil
• 2003B06 Alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists - and limitations of clonidine
• 2004B07 Propofol - inter-invididual variatation in elimination half life
• 2006B03 Intravenous induction agents - inter-individual variation
• 2007A04 Propofol TIVA vs ketamine TIVA
• 2008A03 Ideal sedative
• 2008B02 Propofol TIVA
• 2008B03 Clonidine
• 2009B02 Propofol - adverse effects
• 2012A07 Ketamine TIVA
• 2012B02 Propofol vs sevoflurane - kinetics, CVS, CNS effects
• 2015A12 Intravenous induction - rate of onset
• 2017B14 Propofol - non-CNS effects
• 2018A07 Intravenous induction - dosing in youth, old age and shock
• 2018B11 Midazolam
• 2019A11 Propofol TCI

Local Anaesthetics

• 2002A09 Local anaesthetic toxicity
• 2003A03 Local anaesthetics - mechanism of action
• 2004A03 Local anaesthetics - topical agents
• 2004B02 Ropivacaine
• 2005B03 Lignocaine - physicochemical characteristics
• 2007A02 Local anaesthetics - neuraxial pharmacokinetics
• 2010A01 Local anaesthetics - structure-activity relationships
• 2011A01 Local anaesthetic systemic toxicity - risk factors
• 2015A04 Local anaesthetics - nasal application
• 2016A06 Local anaesthetics - rate of onset
• 2017A12 Total spinal anaesthesia
• 2017B08 Local anaesthetics - rate of offset
• 2019A08 Local anaesthetic systemic toxicity - features
• 2019B09 Local anaesthetics - rate of onset and offset

Miscellaneous Drugs

• 2000A12 Oxytocin
• 2000A14 Ester drugs
• 2004B03 Anti-histamines
• 2005B07 Droperidol
• 2008A02 Diuretics
• 2008B06 Colloids
• 2009A04 Atropine vs glycopyrrolate
• 2009A07 Serotonergic drugs
• 2009B03 Anti-emetics and pro-emetics
• 2010A07 Drugs acting at the nicotinic cholinergic receptor
• 2010A08 Anti-depressants
• 2012A03 Anti-aspiration drugs
• 2013C01 Oral hypoglycaemics
• 2014A06 Bronchodilators
• 2014A13 Normal saline vs 4% albumin
• 2014B14 Mannitol
• 2016B11 Gentamicin
• 2016B15 Anti-emetics
• 2018B13 Oxytocics and tocolytics
• 2019A13 Antibiotic chemoprophylaxis
• 2019B10 Effects of CSL infusion

Muscle Relaxants

• 2000B16 Atracurium vs cisatracurium
• 2002B05 Suxamethonium - causes of prolonged effect
• 2004A02 Non-depolarising relaxants - rate of onset
• 2006B04 Suxamethonium vs rocuronium - rapid sequence induction
• 2007B06 Suxamethonium - mechanisms of phase 1 and phase 2 block
• 2009B05 Non-depolarising relaxants - inter-individual variation
• 2010B05 Reversal - anti-cholinesterases
• 2013C04 Relaxants - cardiovascular effects
• 2014A02 Non-depolarising relaxants - log dose response curve
• 2016A04 Non-depolarising relaxants - adverse effects
• 2016B10 Reversal - neostigmine
• 2018A12 Reversal - neostigmine vs sugammadex
• 2018B04 Suxamethonium vs rocuronium
• 2019A12 Non-depolarising relaxants - rate of offset
• 2019B01 Suxamethonium - adverse effects

Pharmaceutics

• 2003A04 Intravenous drug additives
• 2013C03 Isomerism

Pharmacodynamics

• 2002B06 Tolerance and dependence - opioids
• 2004B01 Mechanisms of drug action
• 2005B02 Dose-response curves - opioids
• 2012B03 Tolerance and tachyphylaxis
• 2015A05 Synergy - sevoflurane and fentanyl
• 2019B06 Synergy - propofol and remifentanil

Pharmacokinetics

• 2001B09 Clearance
• 2002A10 Rate of offset after a drug infusion
• 2011B02 Compartment modelling
• 2012B13 Exponential functions
• 2013C05 Volume of distribution
• 2015B04 Half-life vs context-sensitive half-time
• 2017A04 CYP2D6
• 2018B14 Transdermal kinetics