|
Energy |
· 8.4MJ/day · Body can adapt to various macronutrient contributions |
|
Water |
· Daily requirement 2-2.5L/day · 1.5L urine (minimum 0.6L) · 0.4L resp tract · 0.4L skin transepidermal diffusion · 0.2L faeces |
|
Carbohydrate |
· 17kJ/g · Supplies 50% energy · Brain and RBC obligate (brain also ketones) |
|
Protein |
· 16kJ/g · Supplies 20% energy · 20 essential amino acids required · Minimum ~0.5g/kg/day · Glutamine catabolized readily in fasting state |
|
Fat |
· 37kJ/g · 30% energy requirement · e.g. linoleic acid |
|
Vitamins -Fat soluble -Water soluble |
· A (e.g. eyes), D (bone density, Ca2+ homeostasis), E (e.g skin), K (coagulation) · B: many subtypes, e.g. B12 cofactor for methionine synthetase (DNA synthesis) · C: wound healing, skin health |
|
Electrolytes |
· Na+: nerve action potentials, ECF osmolality · K+: nerve action potential, ICF osmolality · Ca2+: muscle contraction · Mg2+: Enzyme cofactor e.g. Na+K+ATPase · Cl-: ECF osmolyte · PO43-: ICF for ATP synthesis and buffering |
|
Minerals |
· Fe2+: for Hb synthesis, cytochrome synthesis · Zn2+: cofactor in enzymatic reactions · I-: thyroid hormone synthesis |
|
Special populations |
· Pregnancy: 1.2 x BMR, ↑↑protein requirement · Neonate: 2x BMR, ↑requirement of all · Elderly: BMR decreased · Sepsis: BMR increased, catabolic state, ↑protein requirement · Burns: catabolic state, ↑protein requirement · Large bone fracture: hypermetabolic and anabolic state, ↑BMR and protein requirement |
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